Tag: 29. Juli 2020
Six Unusual Medieval Medical Practices Still Used Today
Sometimes, it’s best to stick with what works, even in medicine. While there is always innovation in the health care industry, there are certain practices that doctors hold on to simply because they work.
Here are the six oldest medical practices that doctors are still using today.
1. Leech Therapy
Yes, this still exists. The first use of leeches in medicine dates back to 800 B.C., according to the British Medical Journal, when they were used in bloodletting (a practice believed to cure feveres, headaches and serious illnesses).
Today, leeches are used to stimulate blood circulation after skin grafts and reconstructive surgery. The leech’s saliva contains enzymes and compounds that act as an anticoagulation agent. The most prominent of these anticoagulation agents is hirudin, which binds itself to thrombins, thus, effectively inhibiting coagulation of the blood.
Leeching might sound primitive but the FDA approved leeches as “medical devices” in 2004 to drain pooled blood after surgery.
2. Maggot Therapy
Since ancient times, physicians have used maggots to help clean injuries and prevent infection. Because maggots feed solely on dead flesh, doctors do not need to worry about them feasting on healthy tissue.
One study published last year in the Archives of Dermatology showed that maggots placed on surgical incisions helped to clear more dead tissue from the sites than surgical debridement, the current standard of care in which doctors use a scalpel or scissors.
Placed in tea bag-like packages, physicians are able to directly apply maggots to wounds, allowing them to work their magic.
3. Transsphenoidal Surgery
Transsphenoidal surgery is a minimally-invasive procedure where surgeons access the brain through the nose to remove tumors.
According to Raj Sindwani, an otolaryngologist with Cleveland Clinic, the practice has been done for thousands of years, with the ancient Egyptians having discovered that the easiest access point to the brain was trhoug the nose.
4. Fecal Transplant
The incidence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has risen sharply over the last two decades. Human stool transplants have been found to consistently cure up to 90 percent of patients who have had multiple episodes of C. difficile, an infection which causes serious diarrhea and affects about 3 million people per year.
These days, fecal transplants are done either by colonoscopy or by a tube that runs through the nose into the stomach, but a new study published in JAMA shows that there may be a less unsavory—but equally effective—route by way of a pill.
5. Trepanation
We’ve seen this practice hundreds of times in horror films – the threat of having someone drill a hole into your head is scary enough. But doctors believe the practice actually serves some medical benefit.
Dating back to prehistoric times, trepanation was originally done to relieve bad spirits from a person. In today’s industry, holes are drilled into the skull to relieve pressure after serious trauma to the brain has occurred.
6. Cesarean Section
You might not even consider this an ancient practice since it is so commonplace today, but a Cesarean section (more commonly known as a C-section) is one of the oldest medical practices, dating back to 320 B.C.
The mortality rate for the procedure was once very high, until the 1880s when a technique was developed to minimize bleeding.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, nearly one-third of all babies were delivered via C-section in 2012.
Read more at www.healthcareglobal.com
What Was Medieval And Renaissance Medicine?
In southern Spain, North Africa, and the Middle East, Islamic scholars were translating Greek and Roman medical records and literature.
In Europe, however, scientific advances were limited. Read on to find out more about medicine in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages, or Dark Ages, started when invasions broke up Western Europe into small territories run by feudal lords.
Most people lived in rural servitude. Even by 1350, the average life expectancy was 30–35 years, and 1 in 5 children died at birth. There were no services for public health or education at this time, and communication was poor. Scientific theories had little chance to develop or spread.
People were also superstitious. They did not read or write, and there was no schooling. Only in the monasteries was there a chance for learning and science to continue. Often, monks were the only people who could read and write.
Around 1066 C.E., things began to change.
The Universities of Oxford and Paris were established. Monarchs became owners of more territory, their wealth grew, and their courts became centers of culture. Learning started to take root. Trade grew rapidly after 1100 C. E., and towns formed.
However, with them came new public health problems.
Medieval Medical Practice
Across Europe, the quality of medical practitioners was poor, and people rarely saw a doctor, although they might visit a local wise woman, or witch, who would provide herbs or incantations. Midwives, too, helped with childbirth.
The Church was an important institution, and people started to mix or replace their spells and incantations with prayers and requests to saints, together with herbal remedies.
In the hope that repentance for sins might help, people practiced penance and went on pilgrimages, for example, to touch the relics of a saint, as a way of finding a cure.
Some monks, such as the Benedictines, cared for the sick and devoted their lives to that. Others felt that medicine was not in keeping with faith.
During the Crusades, many people traveled to the Middle East and learnt about scientific medicine from Arabic texts. These explained discoveries that Islamic doctors and scholars had made, based on Greek and Roman theories.
In the Islamic World, Avicenna was writing “The Canon of Medicine.” This included details on Greek, Indian, and Muslim medicine. Scholars translated it and, in time, it became essential reading throughout Western European centers of learning. It remained an important text for several centuries.
Other major texts that were translated explained the theories of Hippocrates and Galen.
The Theory Of Humors
The ancient Egyptians developed the theory of humorism, Greek scholars and physicians reviewed it, and then Roman, medieval Islamic, and European doctors adopted it.
Each humor was linked to a season, an organ, a temper, and an element.
Humor
Organ
Temper
Season
Element
Black bile
Spleen
Melancholy
Cold and dry
Earth
Yellow bile
Lungs
Phlegmatic
Cold and wet
Water
Phlegm
The head
Sanguine
Warm and wet
Air
Blood
Gallbladder
Choleric
Warm and dry
Fire
The theory held that four different bodily fluids — humors — influenced human health. They had to be in perfect balance, or a person would become sick, either physically or in terms of personality.
An imbalance could result from inhaling or absorbing vapors. Medical establishments believed that levels of these humors would fluctuate in the body, depending on what people ate, drank, inhaled, and what they had been doing.
Lung problems, for example, happened when there was too much phlegm in the body. The body’s natural reaction was to cough it up.
To restore the right balance, a doctor would recommend:
blood-letting, using leeches
consuming a special diet and medicines
The theory lasted for 2,000 years, until scientists discredited it.
Medication
Herbs were very important, and monasteries had extensive herb gardens to produce herbs to resolve each imbalance humor. The local apothecary or witch, too, might provide herbs.
The Christian Doctrine of Signature said that God would provide some kind of relief for every disease, and that each substance had a signature which indicated how effective it might be.
For this reason, they used seeds that looked like miniature skulls, such as the skullcap, to treat headache, for example. The most famous medieval book on herbs is probably the “Red Book of Hergest,” which was written in Welsh around 1390 C.E.
Hospitals
Hospitals during the Middle Ages were more like the hospices of today, or homes for the aged and needy. They housed people who were sick, poor, and blind, as well as pilgrims, travelers, orphans, people with mental illness, and individuals who had nowhere else to go.
Christian teaching held that people should provide hospitality for those in desperate need, including food, shelter, and medical care if necessary.
During the Early Middle Ages, people did not use hospitals much for treating sick people, unless they had particular spiritual needs or nowhere to live.
Monasteries throughout Europe had several hospitals. These provided medical care and spiritual guidance, for example, the Hotel-Dieu, founded in Lyons in 542 C. E. and the Hotel-Dieu of Paris, founded in 652 C. E.
The Saxons built the first hospital in England in 937 C. E, and many more followed after the Norman Conquest in 1066, including St. Bartholomew’s of London, built in 1123 C.E., which remains a major hospital today.
A hospitium was a hospital or hospice for pilgrims. In time, the hospitium developed and became more like today’s hospitals, with monks providing the expert medical care and lay people helping them.
In time, public health needs, such as wars and the plagues of the 14th century, led to more hospitals.
Surgery
Medieval barber-surgeons used special tools to remove arrowheads on the battlefield.One area in which doctors made advances was in surgery.
Barber-surgeons carried out surgery. Their skill was important on the battlefield, where they also learnt useful skills tending to wounded soldiers. Tasks included removing arrowheads and setting bones.
Antiseptics
Monks and scientists discovered some valuable plants with powerful anesthetic and antiseptic qualities.
People used wine as an antiseptic for washing out wounds and preventing further infection.
This would have been an empirical observation, because at that time people had no idea that infections were caused by germs.
As well as wine, surgeons used using ointments and cauterization when treating wounds.
Many saw pus as a good sign that the body was ridding itself of toxins in the blood.
There was little understanding of how infection works. People did not link a lack of hygiene with the risk of infection, and many wounds became fatal for this reason.
Anesthetics
The following natural substances were used by medieval surgeons as anesthetics:
mandrake roots
opium
gall of boar
hemlock
Medieval surgeons became experts in external surgery, but they did not operate deep inside the body.
They treated eye cataracts, ulcers, and various types of wounds.
Records show they were even able to surgically remove bladder stones.
Trepanning
Some patients with neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, would have a hole drilled into their skulls “to let the demons out.” The name of this is trepanning.
Epidemics
At this time, Europe started trading with nations from all over the world. This improved wealth and and living standards, but it also exposed people to pathogens from faraway lands.
Plagues
The plague of Justinian was the first recorded pandemic. Lasting from 541 into the 700s, historians believe it killed half the population of Europe.
The Black Death started in Asia and reached in Europe in the 1340s, killing 25 million.
Medical historians believe Italian merchants brought it to Europe when they fled the fighting in Crimea.
Historians say the Mongols catapulted dead bodies over the walls of Kaffa, in the Crimea, to infect enemy soldiers. This is probably the first example of biological warfare. This may have triggered the spread of infection into Europe.
The Plague continued to resurface until the 17th century.
From the 1450s onwards, as the Middle Ages gave way to the Renaissance, the Age of Discovery. This brought new challenges and solutions.
Girolamo Fracastoro (1478–1553), an Italian doctor and scholar, suggested that epidemics may come from pathogens outside the body. He proposed that these might pass from human-to-human by direct or indirect contact.
He introduced the term “fomites,” meaning tinder, for items, such as clothing, that could harbor pathogens from which another person could catch them.
He also suggested using mercury and “guaiaco” as a cure for syphilis. Guiaiaco is the oil from the Palo Santo tree, a fragrance used in soaps.
Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564), a Flemish anatomist and physician, wrote one of the most influential books on human anatomy “De Humani Corporis Fabrica” (“On the Structure of the Human Body”).
He dissected a corpse, examined it, and detailed the structure of the human body.
Technical and printing developments of the time meant that he was able to publish the book.
William Harvey (1578–1657), an English doctor, was the first person to properly describe the systemic circulation and properties of blood, and how the heart pumps it around the body.
Avicenna had begun this work in 1242 C. E., but he had not fully understood the pumping action of the heart and how it was responsible for sending blood to every part of the body.
Paracelsus (1493–1541), a German-Swiss doctor, scholar, and occultist, pioneered the use of minerals and chemicals in the body.
He believed that illness and health relied on the harmony of man with nature. Rather than soul purification for healing, he proposed that a healthy body needed certain chemical and mineral balances. He added that chemical remedies could treat some illnesses.
Paracelsus wrote about the treatment and prevention strategies for metalworkers and detailed their occupational hazards.
During the renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci and others made technical drawings that helped people to understand how the body works.Leonardo Da Vinci (1452–1519), from Italy, was skilled in several different fields. He became an expert in anatomy and made studies of tendons, muscles, bones, and other features of the human body.
He had permission to dissect human corpses in some hospitals. Working with doctor Marcantonio della Torre, he created over 200 pages of illustrations with notes about the human anatomy.
Da Vinci also studied the mechanical functions of bones and how the muscles made them move. He was one of the first researchers of biomechanics.
Ambroise Paré (1510–1590), from France, helped lay the foundations for modern forensic pathology and surgery.
He was the royal surgeon for four French kings and an expert in battlefield medicine, particularly wound treatment and surgery. He invented several surgical instruments.
Paré once treated a group of wounded patients in two ways: cauterization and boiled elderberry oil. However, he ran out of oil and treated the rest of the second group with turpentine, oil of roses, and egg yolk.
The following day, he noticed that those he had treated with turpentine had recovered, while those who received the boiling oil were still in severe pain. He realized how effective turpentine was in treating wounds, and virtually abandoned cauterization from then on.
Paré also revived the Greek method of ligature of the arteries during amputation, instead of cauterization.
This method significantly improved survival rates. This an important breakthrough in surgical practice, despite the risk of infection.
Paré also believed that phantom pains, sometimes experienced by amputees, were related to the brain, and not something mysterious within the amputated limb.
Infections And Epidemics
The Black Death killed millions of people as it appeared and reappeared over several hundred years.Common problems at this time included smallpox, leprosy, and the Black Death, which continued to reappear from time to time. In 1665–1666, the Black Death killed 20 percent of the population of London.
While the Black Death came from Asia, people traveling from Europe to other parts of the world also exported some deadly pathogens.
Before the Spanish explorers landed in the Americas, deadly influenza, measles and smallpox did not occur there.
Native Americans had no immunity against such diseases, making them particularly deadly.
Within 60 years of Columbus arriving in 1492 C.E., the population of the island of Hispaniola, for example, fell from at least 60,000 to fewer than 600, according to one source, due to smallpox and other infections.
In mainland South and Central America, the smallpox virus and other infections killed millions of people within 100 years of Columbus’ arrival.
Diagnosis And Treatment
Methods of diagnosis did not improve much from as the Middle Ages turned into the early Renaissance.
Physicians still did not know how to cure infectious diseases. When faced with the plague or syphilis, they often turned to superstitious rites and magic.
At one time, doctors asked King Charles II to help by touching sick people in an attempt to cure them of scrofula, a type of tuberculosis (TB). Another name for scofula was “The King’s Evil.”
Explorers discovered quinine in the New World and used it to treat malaria.
Vaccination
Edward Anthony Jenner (1749-1823) was an English doctor and scientist, known as the pioneer of vaccinations. He created the smallpox vaccine. As early as 430 B.C.E., history shows that people who had recovered from smallpox used to help treat those with the disease, because they appeared to be immune.
In the same way, Jenner noticed that milkmaids tended to be immune to smallpox. He wondered whether the pus in the cowpox blisters protected them from smallpox. Cowpox is similar to smallpox but milder.
In 1796, Jenner inserted pus taken from a cowpox pustule into the arm of James Phipps, an 8-year old boy. He then proved that Phipps was immune to smallpox because of the cowpox “vaccine.”
Others were sceptical, but Jenner’s successful experiments were finally published in 1798. Jenner coined the term “vaccine” from vacca, which in Latin means “cow.”
Takeaway
In the early Middle Ages, medical care was very basic and largely depended on herbs and superstition. In time, and especially during the Renaissance, scientist learned more about how the human body works, and new discoveries, such as vaccination, came into being.
Read more at www.medicalnewstoday.com
Online virtual classes are now requiring immunizations for students to attend
Rebellious parents are not taking their children to get vaccinated, states continue to push shots
(INTELLIHUB) — Online virtual classrooms in the State of Virginia are now requiring students who attend to be immunized against various illnesses despite the fact that the pupils will be taking classes from the comfort of their own home in what can only be considered a blatant push to inject poisonous toxins and metals into to bodies of schoolkids.
The unconstitutional order comes after a high number of parents have refused to take their children to get their standard yearly cocktail dose of vaccines which during a non-COVID school year would allow students to attend school physically.
As rumor has it, parents are concerned about taking their children to get vaccinations due to the current purported COVID-19 outbreak. However, people, in general, may just be waking up to the real dangers of vaccines and may just be to the point where they are outright refusing them altogether.
“I think people feel like if you’re not going to the brick and mortar school then you don’t need to have the immunizations but that’s incorrect,” Fairfax County Health Department worker Shauna Severo told NBC 4 in Washington.
Health officials claim that in Virginia students need to have their shots to attend class whether virtual or not.
Quelle: Online virtual classes are now requiring immunizations for students to attend
Kein Scherz: Online-Strafregisterauszug wird ausgerechnet über Wirecard bezahlt
Es klingt wie ein schlechter Scherz, ist aber Realität. Die Bezahlung von Strafregisterauszügen, die online beantragt werden, läuft über die Skandalfirma Wirecard. Die Kooperation mit dem Innenministerium besteht bereits seit Jahren. Betrieben wird das Service über die Landespolizeidirektion Wien. Wie unser Screenshot (siehe oben) zeigt, tritt Wirecard als Zahlungsdienstleister in Erscheinung.
Enge Kontakte zwischen Wirecard-Braun und ÖVP-Kurz
Bereits länger bekannt sind beste Kontakte zwischen dem derzeit inhaftierten Wirecard-Vorstandsvorsitzenden Markus Braun und Kanzler Sebastian Kurz. Der zeigte sich von dem schillernden Manager so inspiriert, dass er ihn in den „Think Tank“ des Bundeskanzleramts berief. Freilich erst, nachdem Braun der ÖVP im Wahlkampf 2017 insgesamt 70.000 Euro gespendet hatte. Das jedenfalls ist die Summe, die – aufgeteilt auf zwei Tranchen – von der ÖVP bekanntgegeben wurde. Die stellvertretende FPÖ-Klubobfrau Dagmar Belakowitsch wies heute, Mittwoch, in einer Pressekonferenz mit FPÖ-Sicherheitssprecher Hannes Amesbauer allerdings darauf hin, dass die Kontakte zwischen Braun und der ÖVP bzw. Kurz noch enger gewesen sein könnten – und zwar sowohl persönlich, als auch beruflich und finanziell, wie sie andeutete.
Ausgerechnet die mit Wirecard solcherart verbundene ÖVP versuchte nun, der FPÖ eine dubiose Zusammenarbeit mit Wirecard anzuhängen. Laut Standard sollte gestern im Nationalen Sicherheitsrat (NSR) ein Dokument über eine „Wirecard Refugee-Card“ diskutiert werden, die das Kabinett von Innenminister Herbert Kickl angeblich anstelle von Barzahlungen an Asylwerber einführen wollte – gegen den Widerstand der ÖVP-geprägten Beamtenschaft, wie es im Standard hieß.
Türkises Kanzleramt vermittelte Wirecard an blaues BMI
Doch die Sache entpuppte sich als Ente. Wie Kickls Büro in Erfahrung bringen konnte, war dieses Projekt aus dem damals türkisen Bundeskanzleramt angestoßen worden. Eine Mitarbeiterin aus dem Kabinett von Gernot Blümel habe die Präsentation ans Innenministerium übermittelt und ersucht, mit der deutschen Firma, die diese Zahlungskarten in Zusammenarbeit mit Wirecard anbot, einen Termin zu machen. Der Standard schrieb die Geschichte nach diesen Erkenntnissen völlig neu und weiß wohl künftig auch, was von Informationen aus der „ÖVP-nahen Beamtenschaft“ im Innenministerium zu halten ist.
Der FPÖ ein Ei gelegt und laut dazu gegackert
In einem Satz ausgedrückt lief die Sache nämlich so: Die ÖVP legte der FPÖ ein Ei und warf dies unter lautem Gackern dann den Freiheitlichen vor. Ganz abgesehen davon, dass die Inhalte von NSR-Sitzungen strenger Geheimhaltung unterliegen und zu dem Zeitpunkt, als dieses Dokument thematisiert wurde, neben den Vertretern aus den Ministerien nur noch Parlamentarier von ÖVP und Grünen anwesend waren. In diesem Kreis ist also auch der Geheimnisverräter zu suchen, der den Standard informierte.
Hatte der Kanzler Angst vor Wirecard-Enthüllungen?
Die miese ÖVP-Taktik passt gut ins Gesamtbild der gestrigen NSR-Sitzung, die von der Opposition unter Protest verlassen wurde, weil der Kanzler nicht anwesend war. Schon bei der Einberufung des Gremiums warf die ÖVP mit Schmutz auf die Freiheitlichen. Doch der blieb an den eigenen Fingern kleben. Denn in den Tagen seit der Einberufung verdichteten sich Hinweise auf ÖVP-Kontakte auch mit dem zweiten Wirecard-Vorstand, dem flüchtigen Jan Marsalek. Der damalige Innenminister und heutige Nationalratspräsident Wolfgang Sobotka soll Marsalek sogar in Moskau getroffen haben.
Die FPÖ wollte auch darüber im NSR sprechen. Daraufhin dürfte der ÖVP die Lust vergangen sein. Neben dem Kanzler schwänzte auch ÖVP-Sicherheitssprecher Karl Mahrer die Sitzung, obwohl er persönlich es war, der die Zusammenkunft des Gremiums gefordert hatte.
Was weiß der ÖVP-Sicherheitssprecher über Wirecard-Auftrag?
Apropos Mahrer: Der ÖVP-Abgeordnete war von 2005 bis 2018 in leitender Funktion bei der Landespolizeidirektion Wien tätig. Er könnte also wahrscheinlich nähere Informationen dazu beisteuern, wie es zu der Zusammenarbeit mit Wirecard beim elektronischen Strafregister kam – etwa, ob es eine gesetzeskonforme Ausschreibung gab und wer sich außer der ÖVP-nahen Firma dafür beworben hatte.
Die FPÖ versucht derzeit mit parlamentarischen Anfragen zu klären, welche Verbindungen noch zwischen der Republik und Wirecard bestehen und ob auf die Steuerzahler durch die Insolvenz des Unternehmens nun zusätzliche Kosten zukommen.
Der Beitrag Kein Scherz: Online-Strafregisterauszug wird ausgerechnet über Wirecard bezahlt erschien zuerst auf Unzensuriert – Demokratisch, kritisch, polemisch und
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Grandma outs own grandson as protester who threw Explosives at Federal Courthouse in Portland — magAMedia
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Horrible Woman Tells Mother and Children She Hope’s They Die For Not Wearing a Mask [Video] — magAMedia
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Grandma outs own grandson as protester who threw Explosives at Federal Courthouse in Portland — magAMedia
You can’t make this stuff up. Grandma posts a review of the vest she bought her grandson to protest in, alongside his picture. On the website, hibbett.com, a product listing for an icons vest here: … 164 weitere Wörter
Grandma outs own grandson as protester who threw Explosives at Federal Courthouse in Portland — magAMedia
